Glittering Generality A Virtue Word

A glittering generality is a  vague word or phrase thats used to evoke positive feelings rather than to convey information. These terms are also known as glowing generalities, empty vessels,  virtue words, or loaded words (or loaded phrases). Using them has been described as name-calling in reverse. Examples of words commonly employed as  glittering generalities  in political discourse include freedom, security, tradition, change, and prosperity.   Examples and Observations A  glittering generality is  a word so vague that everyone agrees on its appropriateness and value—but no one is really sure just what it means. When your instructor says she is in favor of fair grading policies or flexibility in the submission of assignments, you may think, Hey, shes not so bad after all. Later, however, you may discover that your interpretation of these terms is quite different from what she intended.(From Listening: Attitudes, Principles, and Skills by Judi Brownell) Sound Bites in Advertising and Politics Glittering generalities are used in both advertising and politics. Everyone, from political candidates to elected leaders, makes use of the same vague phrases so frequently that they seem like a natural part of political discourse. In the modern age of ten-second sound bites, glittering generalities can make or break a candidates campaign. I stand for freedom: for a strong nation, unrivaled in the world. My opponent believes we must compromise on these ideals, but I believe they are our birthright. The propagandist will intentionally use words with strongly positive connotations and offer no real explanation.(From Techniques of Propaganda and Persuasion by Magedah E. Shabo) Democracy Glittering generalities mean different things to different people; they can be used in different ways. A prime example of such a word is democracy, which in our day has a virtuous connotation. But what exactly does it mean? To some people, it may be treated as supportive of the status quo in a given society, while others may see it as requiring change, in the form, say, of reform of election financing practices. The ambiguity of the term is such that Nazis and Soviet Communists both felt they could claim it for their own system of governance, despite the fact that many in the West saw these systems, with reason, as the antithesis of democracy.(From Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion by Randal Marlin) Fiscal Responsibility Take the phrase fiscal responsibility. Politicians of all persuasions preach fiscal responsibility, but what precisely does it mean? To some, fiscal responsibility means that the government should run in the black, that is, spend no more than it earns in taxes. Others believe it means controlling the growth of the money supply.(From Artful Persuasion: How to Command Attention, Change Minds, and Influence People by Harry Mills) Blazing Ubiquities When the orator Rufus Choate derided the glittering and sounding generalities of natural right that made up the Declaration of Independence, Ralph Waldo Emerson made Choates phrase pithier and then demolished it: Glittering generalities! They are blazing ubiquities. (From On Language by William Safire) Sources Brownell, Judi.Listening: Attitudes, Principles, and Skills, Fifth Edition. Routledge, 2016Shabo, Magedah E. Techniques of Propaganda and Persuasion. Prestwick House, 2005Marlin, Randal. Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion. Broadview Press, 2002Mills, Harry. Artful Persuasion: How to Command Attention, Change Minds, and Influence People. AMACOM, 2000Safire, William. On Language. The New York Times Magazine, July 4, 2004

Essay on Discuss Homosexuality in the Beat Generation

In the age that coined the word togetherness as a synonym for family values, the Beats, each in his own style mounted the first open, sustained assault in American history on the masculine role as heterosexual spouse, father and grown-up provider. In the midst of the Cold War crusade against all deviations from the masculine norm, in the era that could almost be said to have invented the idea of classified information, they openly addressed homosexuality, bisexuality, and masturbation in their work, declassifying the secrets of the male body, making sexuality as complex as individual identity and pushing their chosen forms to new limits in the process (Ann Douglas) Discuss with reference to one or more authors. At the end of the†¦show more content†¦This posits the idea that cultural historians were accurate in suggesting that this was a crucial decade for the politicization of homosexuality. The 1950s were in fact the turning point of change. `The Mattachine Foundation, later re-named `The Mattachine Society, was one of the earliest gay organisations set up by Harry Hay in 1950. Its aim was to raise consciousness among gay men, challenge anti-gay discrimination and build a positive homosexual community and culture. This proved nothing less than an arduous struggle with much opposition, illustrated by the infamous `Stonewall night. A night that set America alight with gay rights and conflicts. The name `Mattachine was meant to symbolise that fact that gays were a masked people, unknown and anonymous. This illustrates the traditional 1950s attitude towards homosexuality; the problem was thought to cease to exist if ignored. Homosexuals were un-natural, sacrilegious, and in need of control and subjugation. These movements, although insurgent, had little impact upon attitudes, particularly in the literary world. The question of homosexuality was still a taboo issue, not discussed or entertained; whats striking about America is the lack of a specifically sexual politics. Stimpson sees it as an American fear of men together, which the curse `QueerShow MoreRelatedDifficulties Involved in Defining and Measuring Crime and Deviance1049 Words   |  5 PagesThis assignment will discuss the problems between crime and deviance, what counts as crime and deviance and how it varies with place and time. It will include the difference and similarities and give examples of defining crime and deviance. Finally the essay moves on to looking at how to identify why official statistics do not reflect in today’s society and may not be totally accurate. Crime is usually looked upon as an infringement of criminal law where as deviance has a vast and wider approachRead MoreThe Perks Of Being A Wallflower1390 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship, even after the retirement of his logical mind; each time it is used, it refers to their compatibility as a couple and her physical appearance while insisting she s just a friend. He voluntarily submits to her as a friend, does not discuss what she said or arguing for his own position when it contradicts his. Although this is apparently craze among teenagers, it all seems very broad. Take into account Sam s brother, Patrick, best friend Charlie and a homosexual. Towards the end ofRead MoreEssay Questions On Human Flourishing Project1727 Words   |  7 PagesSecular music has evolved tremendously over the past six decades worldwide, including new music genres such as alternative, hip hop and rap, and Dubstep. 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It had foot pedals, which left the weaver’s hands free to weave faster and make more cloth cheaper. The Dutch weavers smashed the thing up because it would have put people out of work. (That was a new idea in the twelfth century.) A generation later, when the dust had settled, in came the spinning wheel from left field-a total surprise from China. It made thread very much faster than before. When the wheel and the loom were put together, the production of cloth skyrocketed. So there wereRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesArab Spain. It had foot pedals, which left the weaver’s hands free to weave faster and make more cloth cheaper. The Dutch weavers smashed the thing up because it would have put people out of work. (That was a new idea in the twelfth century.) A generation later, when the dust had settled, in came the spinning whee l from left field-a total surprise from China. It made thread very much faster than before. 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Communication and Culture - Hip Hop free essay sample

Use your knowledge of selected theoretical perspectives and key concepts to evaluate the views about hip hop expressed here. (40 marks) Hip hop marks a significant change In society. It represents the expression of disenfranchised young people originally from the Bronx. However what argument A tries to express Is that hip hop Is slowly loosing Its value and significance looking from a Marxist point of view. HIP hop had many values associated with Its subculture, values were based on there life the ability to express themselves lyrically and reach out to the people.The significance of hip hop was the evolution of how it was able to be accepted into the mainstream culture and influence contemporary culture. However the case today is that what was once a folk expression has since matured into a multi-million dollar industry. The hip-hop industry can now be seen as a form of capitalism as it incorporates the three key components. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication and Culture Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You have the owner record labels, producers, the workers rappers, Macs, Artists and you have the consumer people who buy the products derived from this industry.The Frankfurt school may say that we think we are enjoying the hip hop culture but we are being brainwashed and exposed to capitalism through the concept of private ownership, competition, consumerism and hierarchy. We see this through solicitation a mall agent being the media. In music videos we see rappers dressed In the most expensive clothes all designer, the expensive jewelry, latest phones, the women with perfect bodies, the drinks the atmosphere.They create a hyper real world that people want to be a part of having the money, clothes and the fame all of which is commodity fetishism. This is summed up by a lyrics taken from a rising hip hop star Drakes song successful l ant the money, money and car, cars and hoes, the hoes I suppose I Just want to be I just want to be successful. This here reinforces argument Ass view in that hip hop is loosing its value and is no more about expression but is now about the money this industry can make as this is now what is seen to be successful.There is also now the concept of alienation within the hip hop Industry as there are so many events and commodities associated with this culture, rappers and artist have no choice In some of there task for example not all rappers and artists write there own music but still ill do the track or they are needed to advertise for LOreal for example there is no actual connection to what they are doing and put emphasis on the fact that at the end of the day it is only based on profit.This show that people are not connected to there labor and that the workers are not aware of the fact that they are being exploited. Communication and Culture Hip Hop By shantytowns Use your knowledge of selected theoretical perspectives and key concepts to evaluate change in society. It represents the expression of disenfranchised young people originally from the Bronx. However what argument A tries to express is that hip hop is slowly loosing its value and significance looking from a Marxist point of view.

Changing Organizational Culture Reframing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Changing Organizational Culture Reframing. Answer: Introduction: The speech of Pankaj Ghemawat has changed the view of the people about globalization. It was not meant by Ghemawat to become an evangelist for the particular way of thinking as he does regarding the notion of globalization. He stated that the people of the nation are far behind the full integration. He suggests that the integration and the communication of the people need to be integrated. Globalization does not only mean to be the advancement of the society by the technological improvement, but also the connection of the ideas of the different people across the nation, as the world is not flat (www.ted.com 2017). The globalization has reached its peak with the course of time. Apart from the beneficial aspect of the globalization, it has already started affecting the civilization with its rapid growth. People are found to have the fear regarding the globalization such as job insecurities, monitory crisis and so on. The globalization on the technological aspect is the deepest fear that is darkening the future of the humans. To eliminate the fears regarding globalization the some rules and regulations can be implemented and the government take some serious and rigid action to make the fear disappear from the mind of the people. Building a culture-based company entails the ability of an organization to make a strong connection between the organization and the employees within the same. The culture-based company does not only mean the maintenance of the organizational culture, but also the maintenance of the entrepreneurial culture within the organization (www.youtube.com 2017). In other way, the building of culture-based company explains the integration of the experience, beliefs, knowledge, spatial relation, roles and the other determinates of an individual person with the other employees in the organization. A culture-based company denotes the effective and fine collaboration of all the employees of an organization, which further determines the satisfaction of the customers of the company (www.youtube.com 2017). The building of the culture-based company is based on the vision and mission of the business personnel. In addition, the implementation of the building a company enriched with culture is depended o n the Human Resources management department, which further includes the proper handling of the workplace environment in order to ensure the value proposition of the company and prevent the high turnover and conflicts. A culture based company also ensures the proper balance in the workplace among the employees and participation of them from every level. Yves Morieux opines that structure follows strategy. The reason behind this is the constructing of concrete plans before starting the allocated tasks. Herein, the statement attains the positive connotation. The word not in the proposed statement gets nullified. Structure is needed in terms of doung the tasks in an efficient manner. On the contrary, the statement can be considered from the reverse, which makes the statement, Strategy follows structure (Youtube.com 2017). According to this statement, adopting a strategic vision towards the allocated tasks helps the persons to seek for effective ways and means to make noticeable advances with the proposed plans. Interplay with the position of strategy and structure adds value to the word of mouth in case of Yves Morieux in terms of the handling the business complications. Provision of insight into the Smart Simplicity reflects his approach towards the solving the issues smoothly. His insight into Smart Simplicity is an appeal for the pe ople to be smart by solving the issues in a simple manner. Taking the help from BCG group has assisted Yves to provide a practical example to the public regarding the exposure of partnership working within a chaotic ambience (Youtube.com 2017). Delving deep into the issue, strategizing the proposed plans smoothens the act of achieving effective solutions for the workplace problems. Holacracy is one of the means of management, where the authority is missing and the decision making is a shared task. Self-organizing teams are entrusted with the responsibility to undertake the decisions, which would be beneficial for solving the major issues, which the companies and organizations are undergoing. Bureaucracy and team based structure is an example of the autocracy management styles, whereas holacracy can be considered as an example of the participative management style, where the managers, employees and employers participate in meetings for taking the organizational decisions (Vox.com(2017). Abolishing bosses deprives Zappos of order and harmony, which nullifies the integrated hierarchy. Herein, the aspect of organizational design gets shattered. In such a situation, thinking of something innovative is the only respite in terms of restoring the organizational structure. Involving the employees and the other staffs within the meetings and conferences would increase cu ltural diversity within the workplace. In the absence of the managers, the assistant managers need to take the responsibility to maintain the order and harmony. Application of rational thinking in this direction would add value to the roles and responsibility of the managerial personnel (Vox.com 2017). Holacracy is an innovative development adapted to help silicon valley to flourish, this is the development adapted by the CEO of renowned organization that makes them abandon their position and help the employees with the opportunity to use their ideas in term of the business development. Zappos is one of the company that has originality in their strategy, determination and a very well processed execution facility. This company is bursting their personality and it wants to pay the new employees so that they can able to get the work done of interacting with the customers, managing their products. The new employees are told to get the full salary within the time span of their training as the training is required to get the new employees adapted to the culture (Eremina and Puhakka 2017). The CEO of Zappos have initiated the quit now bonus to the employees and thus it has become difficult for the company to maintain the same standard of organizational culture. Herein, the aspect of organizational design gets shattered. Application of rational thinking in this process would add value to the roles and responsibility of the managerial personnel. In this kind of sitiuation, thinking of something innovative is the only respite in terms of restoring the organizational structure . Involving the employees and the other staffs within the meetings and conferences would increase cultural diversity within the workplace (Burke 2016). The culture-based company does not only mean the maintenance of the organizational culture, but also the maintenance of the entrepreneurial culture within the organization. A culture-based company denotes the effective and fine collaboration of all the employees of an organization, which further determines the satisfaction of the customers of the company (www.youtube.com 2017). A culture based company also ensures the proper balance in the workplace among the employees and participation of them from every level. The building of a culture-based company initiates the ability of an organization to start a strong connection between the organization and the employees within the same. The culture-based company does not only mean the maintenance of the organizational culture, but also the maintenance of the entrepreneurial culture within th e organization. The building of the culture-based company is based on the vision and mission of the business personnel. In addition, the implementation of the building a culture within the company is depended on the Human Resources department, which further includes the proper handling of the workplace environment as well as managing of the employees in order to ensure the value proposition of the company and prevent the high turnover and conflicts. Holacracy is not alike the normal structure of any organization and different from the culture, which is to allocating of work to the employees and guiding them in their work. In this process the employees get a chance to use their own ideas for improving the conditions of the business organization (Bernstein et al. 2016). Holacracy provides the organization with the authority to work in their individual way though maintaining the decorum of the organization. In Holacracy, the employees do not have to work in an undefined manner and this process takes care that the employees get the proper accountability. Holacracy is not the same as bureaucracy as bureaucracy offers the employees a very organized work within the organization and the authority is with the top most people (Bernstein et al. 2016). However, in Holacracy the role of the CEO or the management reduces and the responsibility of the employees are highlighted. This can be said also as a process to check the responsible attitu de of the employees to the organization. Zappos has recently adapted the process of Holacracy in their organization as this company has already lived a long life and if they do not attempt to bring change, the company will suffer closing. Holacracy has highlighted that the controlling process of any organization often turns to be the problem of adapting innovation within the organization. Holacracy is a process that highlights the best aspects of the employees. Due to Holacracy, this company will be able to utilize the knowledge and skill that the old employees of zappos have in them (Burke 2016). . Self-organizing teams are entrusted with the responsibility to undertake the decisions, which would be beneficial for solving the major issues, which the companies and organizations are undergoing. Bureaucracy and team based structure is an example of the autocracy management styles, whereas holacracy can be considered as an example of the participative management style, where the manage rs, employees and employers participate in meetings for taking the organizational decisions. Holacracy does not allow the CEO to interfere in the process of the management of the employees but they can only question the term when they have a proper reason behind it and are able to show that the organization will face trouble by the process (Bernstein et al. 2016). Holacracy does not avoid the recommendation of better ideas. Holacracy is an innovative approach made by zappos and this will initiate a new framework of organizational culture within the organization. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above that organizational culture is a very necessary process of every organization and without this organization will not be able to maintain the decorum. On the other hand Holacracy is marked as a new and innovative process to mark and develop responsibility among the employees and adapt their ideas to initiate a change in the organizational structure. References: Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Alvesson, M. ed., 2016.Organizational culture. Sage. Bernstein, E., Bunch, J., Canner, N. and Lee, M., 2016. Beyond the holacracy hype.Harvard Business Review,94(7/8), pp.38-49. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Burke, J.R., 2016. Zappos Company Profile. Eremina, A. and Puhakka, V., 2017. Comparison of organizational structurescase Zappos.International Business Management.

What Is An Affirmative Action Essay Example For Students

What Is An Affirmative Action Essay Confucius and Confucianism-Books related to Confucius and Confucianism-Confucius and Confucianism- LIFE OF CONFUCIUS Confucius was believed to have been born in 551 BC., in the state of Lu, known today as the Shandong province. His parents, who died while he was a child, named him Kong Qui. Confucius was derived from the Latin word Kongfuzi which means Great Master Kong. Confucius was the most influential and respected philosopher in Chinese history. His ideas were the single strongest influence on Chinese society from around 100 BC. to the AD. 1900s. The Chinese government made his ideas the official state philosophy and many nearby countries honored his beliefs. Confucius wanted to gain the position as an adviser to a wise ruler, but he failed. He hoped to do this in order to be able to employ his ideas for reforming society. We will write a custom essay on What Is An Affirmative Action specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If it wasnt for the disciples of Confucius his teachings would have never been spread around China, and he would have never been made known. His teachings were never written down by him, but his conversations and sayings were written down by his disciples in the analects. CONFUCIANISM Confucianism was the single most important thing in Chinese life. It affected everything in China; education, government, and attitudes toward behavior in public and private life. Confucianism is not a religion, but it is more a philosophy and a guide to morality and good government. At the time Confucius was born, China was in a constant state of war, and rapid political change altered the structure of Chinese society so much that people no longer respected the established behavioral guidelines. Confucius stated that the ideal person was one of good moral character. The ideal person was also truly reverent in worship and sincerely respected his father and his ruler. He was expected to think for himself, guided by definite rules of conduct. As Confucius said, he was expected to take as much trouble to discover what was right as lesser men take to discover what will pay. Confucius believed that this type of behavior by rulers had a greater effect on the people than did laws or codes of punishment. So when these types of people were rulers, their moral example would inspire the people to lead good lives. Confucius died sometime around 479 B.C., and his philosophy was not very well known. If it werent for his disciples his ideas would probably still be unknown. Confucius never wrote anything down himself; his disciples wrote all of his sayings down in a collection of books called the Analects. These contain all that modern day man knows about Confucius. There existed two important Confucian philosophers-Mencius (390-305 BC) and Xunzi (mid 200s B.C. ). They held beliefs similar to Confucius but they were somewhat different. Menciuss viewpoint was that people were born good, and that they had to preserve the natural compassion of the heart. Xunzi opposed this by saying that people could be good and live peacefully only if their minds were shaped by education and conduct. Both of these ideas parallel Confucius, in that they both state that people can be good. Confucianism was concerned primarily with the needs of society, and unlike Buddhism and Taoism, not the ability for a person to live in harmony with nature. Beginning in the 200s B.C. Buddhism and Taoism began to affect and reshape the standards of Confucianism, and things such as nature came into play. Around A.D. 200 to 600, there was a rapid decline in the Confucian Beliefs in China. This was partly because Confucianism now had to compete with Buddhism and Taoism, which were developed around this time. These religions were to Confucianism as night is to day, in other words, they were exact opposites. Buddhism and Taoism were largely concerned with the meaning of suffering and death, while Confucianism largely ignored these. The revival of Confucianism began around the 600s and was fully revived by the 700s. .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 , .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .postImageUrl , .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 , .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65:hover , .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65:visited , .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65:active { border:0!important; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65:active , .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65 .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c043055871811abeae7189a9cc26b65:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Most Embarassing Day Ever Essay In the 1100s, there was a movement lead by Zhu-Xi called the Neo-Confucianism movement. He developed a branch of this movement known as the rational-wing, it dealt with the study of Li, the relationship between humans and nature. Another branch was called the intuitional-wing and it dealt mostly with enlightenment by a combination of meditation and moral action. In the 1900s there was a clash between Confucianism and Western beliefs such as Communism. For many years after the Communist change in China, the Government greatly opposed Confucianism because it tended to look into the past rather than to the future. However, all government opposition ended in 1977.

Parentâ€Child and Sibling Relationships

Parent–Child and Sibling Relationships Introduction This section lays a foundation on the subject of sibling relationships. The goal is to give the reader a highlight of the content of the paper. Research on children relationships takes three divergent routes. The research on parent–child relationships focuses on how parents establish and/or maintain relationships with their children. The second approach entails how children form relationships with their peers in different social settings such as schools. The third approach, which is the focus of this thesis, is on children relationships with their siblings. This relationship exists long after the demise of one’s parents and long before one meets his or her spouse. In this sense, it may be regarded as the longest relationship that people form in their lives. It determines children social capabilities and their capacity to resolve conflicts positively. Hence, the connection is critical in their emotional and cognitive developments (Kennedy, Kramer, 2008, p. 568).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Parent–Child and Sibling Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Using peer-reviewed journal articles, the current thesis begins with a discussion of the general informational and historical background of sibling relationships. It then discusses impacts of sibling relationships, their differences across cultures, factors that influence them and their effects on siblings. In the last section, the thesis addresses the ways of ensuring closeness in sibling relationships. The Sibling Relationships Historical Views on Sibling Relations This section presents the psychoanalytic approach to family relations as one of the earliest attempts to explain sibling relationships. This school of thought is associated with psychologist Sigmund Freud. Sigmund interpreted sibling relations as a manifestation of Oedipus complex where male siblings competed for maternal attention while female siblings compete for the attention of their fathers (De Vleminck, 2010, p. 173). Although contentious, psychologists such as Alfred Adler assert that siblings build their personality through struggles to gain significance from their parents and that birth order is an important determinant of the development of sibling personalities (Boll, Ferring, Filipp, 2005, p. 155). According to Howe (2012), psychologist David Levy suggested in 1941 that siblings exhibit rivalry with older siblings (p. 1). They show an aggressive behavior towards new infant siblings in such a typical way so that it can be sufficiently considered a normal character of sibling relationships.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any behavior towards a newborn sibling is related to the perception of different changes in the previous relationships between firstborns and the parents so that peopleâ€℠¢s psychological processes can be said to influence sibling relationships. Cross-section and longitudinal researches that were conducted in the 21st century reveal that sibling relations influence the personality of individuals. With the identified risk factors to poor sibling relationships, various studies by identify aggression prevention and conflicts prevention as important strategies for creating positive sibling relationships (Murray, Dwyer, Rubin, Knighton-Wisor, Booth-LaForce, 2014, p.1361; Buist Vermande, 2014, p.529). In the literature on quality of sibling relationships, the focus has been made on studying psychological implications of sibling relationships, variations in sibling relationships in societies, and the implications of their successful and unsuccessful development. Characteristics of Sibling Relationships This bit presents sibling relationships as an issue that is characterized by conflicts, intimacy, rivalry, and warmth during childhood, adolescence, and ad ulthood (Dixon, Reyes, Leppert Pappas, 2008, p. 119). The type of sibling relationships depends on different factors such as attachment levels, the environment in which children are brought up, and/or family constellation. For example, the process of modernization and industrialization increases social mobility such that siblings become detached from one another with time (Knigge, Maas, Leeuwen, Mandemakers, 2014, p.549).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Parent–Child and Sibling Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Attachment between children and their parents has a powerful role in the development of social-emotional traits at childhood. Ward, Vaughan, and Robb (1988) posit that parent-child attachments predict future child aptitude and interaction behaviors with peers and siblings since the kids tend to emulate their parents’ behaviors (p.643). A scholarly contention has been witnessed th at early children relationships are critical in determining their identity and personality. Since parents and siblings form the first relationships with infants, there has been intense interest in studying the influence of parents and sibling relationships on psychological development of children from infancy and early childhood through adolescence to adulthood (Kolak, Volling, 2011, p. 214). Hence, it is crucial to investigate the issue of conflicts that characterizes parent-sibling interactions. Conflict among siblings is a common characteristic of the sibling relationship. Conflicting relationships among siblings may result from learning (Bascoe, Davies, Cummings, 2012, p. 2121). Children learn to be violent from observing parents and adults who engage in violent acts. Therefore, it is possible for children brought up by parents who regularly have domestic wrangles to be violent. Siblings also learn conflict resolution and management from their immediate environment. Sibling ri valry is also a common phenomenon.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children learn rivalry from their environment. When parents, relatives, and neighbors involve themselves in rivalry, children consider enmity an acceptable behavior (Campione-Barr, Bassett Greer, Schwab Kruse, 2014, p. 666). Therefore, they follow by imitating and replicating the behavior. However, the development of such characteristics is highly dependent on individual child’s characteristics and guidance from parents. Impact of Sibling Relationships This section explores the benefits of successful sibling relations with peers, parents, relatives, and teachers. The section further explores the effects of unsuccessful sibling relationships. Successful sibling relationship refers to a situation where people from a certain family end up demonstrating a long-lasting mutual relationship that is marked by the cooperation of all members, regardless of their marital status or job rank as they grow up. Benefits of Successful Sibling Relationships As this section reveals, sibling re lations are associated with benefits such as the privilege of enjoying the companionship of each other and the sharing of each other’s emotions in a joyous setting. Individuals who have successful relationships end up enjoying the companionship of each of the siblings. Feinberg, Sakuma, Hostetler, and McHale (2013) assert that most people in the US are more likely to have siblings to get the aforementioned camaraderie (p.97). In the European-American context, the authors also reckon that children’s most time is spent in the company of siblings as opposed to any other person. In the minority groups, siblings play the role of companionship and care giving (Feinberg et al., 2013, p.97). Therefore, it is important to ensure sibling closeness as a strategy that guarantees positive interactions. Feinberg et al. (2013) present SAS (Siblings Are Special) program for preventing adolescence-related behavioral problems, which may decrease sibling closeness by impairing the qualit y of their relationships (p. 98). Analysis of the program reveals that SAS model is important in increasing sibling engagements. Sibling interactions form the basic tenets for developing relationship skills. Building positive relationships is impossible without a compromise. Indeed, Feinberg et al. (2013) assert that sibling relations are built on frequent and high conflict levels compared to any other close relationship in people’s lives (p.98). Aggressive behavior is also common among siblings. Therefore, the closeness between siblings can be increased by encouraging constructive conflicts to help in establishing avenues for building trust among them. In this process, attention should be focused on reducing antagonism, quests for domineering other siblings, and negative criticism. Specifically, parents have major responsibilities to ensure fairness and equality amongst siblings to minimize power struggles. Siblings who have successful associations exchange their emotions in an environment of love, engagement in conflicts, and support. Although aggression among siblings has been considered an acceptable phenomenon, it potentially influences childhood and adolescent adjustments (p.2). The researcher finds proactive aggressive behavior among siblings, increased use of substances, and high depressive moods as important risk factors for child delinquency. These relationships persist even after the researchers adjust various family differences, stress, and even social-graphic variations (Tucker et al., 2014, p.1). Therefore, minimization of proactive aggression among siblings can aid in increasing their closeness. Oh et al. (2015) examined the longitudinal trajectories in behaviors of young children towards their infants in the context of avoidance, antagonism, and positive engagement (p. 126). 50% of all the investigated children were well engaged. Such children portrayed outstanding levels of engagement with their siblings’ infants who were charact erized by little incidents of avoidance and antagonism (Oh et al., 2015, p.126). This claim suggests that reducing antagonism and avoidance behaviors towards infants by other siblings through enhancing positive engagement can help to increase closeness among siblings. For adolescents who are transiting to colleges, Lindell, Campione-Barr, and Greer (2014) reckon the need to put in place strategies for ensuring continued positive relationships between the first and second born as the firstborn transits into college is important for the sustenance of close sibling relationships in the future years, including adulthood (p. 79). Such strategies entail maintaining adequate egalitarian relationship during childhood and reducing sibling conflicts both in childhood and in adolescence (Lindell et al., 2014, p.80). Negative Effects of Unsuccessful Sibling Relations As this section reveals, unsuccessful sibling relationships have negative implications such as sibling victimization and psycholo gical issues that lead to conflicts. Sibling victimization may involve physical assault, which leads to injury. Such injuries produce negative psychological effects on the victim. The situation may lead to rivalry and lower warmth between siblings. Although psychology scholars contend that aggression is normal among siblings, aggression that leads to victimization indicates unsuccessful sibling relationships. Iturralde et al. (2013) identify moderating effects of successful sibling relationships in adjusting to inter-parental conflicts (p. 716). Therefore, unsuccessful sibling relations heighten the threshold of negative effects of inter-parental conflicts. There is growing research evidence that links psychological issues to sibling relationships. For example, Buist and Vermande (2014) assert that sibling relationships have identifiable implications on psychosocial functioning of children (p.529). Some of the indicators of the level of quality sibling relationships are warmth and c onflicts (Randell, Peterson, 2009, p. 859). Warmth refers to the psychological feeling of intimacy and the capacity of a sibling to provide companionship (Gamble, Yu, Kuehn, 2011, p. 606). Emotional attraction towards one’s siblings determines whether to connect more or retract from the siblings’ warmth or companionship. Hatred constitutes a psychological emotion that influences sibling relationships. Hatred and perceptions of competition for parental attention can influence the degree of closeness between siblings. The two elements have the potential of forming sibling relationships based on negative conflicts and proactive aggression. Influences on Sibling Relationships Introduction This section provides various studies that have been done concerning the influence of cross-cultures on sibling relations. The section presents cross-culture, identity, personality, and social development as some of the areas that sibling relationships tend to influence. Cross-Culture E ffects Individualist customs that are prevalent in America and some parts of Europe highlight individual accomplishment, irrespective of the cost of team ambitions. Such customs lead to a tough rivalry. Collectivist customs that are common in China focus on the folks and group agenda, as opposed to personal needs. In their literature review on cross-cultural differences in sibling relationships, Buist, Paalman, and Branje (2014) identify different studies that confirm cultural differences in sibling relationships among western and non-western societies (p. 267). They reveal how past studies define sibling relationships in terms of love-hate dimension, which reflects individuation and competition that are associated with western cultures (Buist et al., 2014, p.267). In the western cultures, siblings have a discretionary type of sibling interactions. They are encouraged to remain in close contact. Some elder brothers and sisters may be required to assume the role of taking care of the ir other younger blood relatives while their parents assume the main duty of attending to their kids. However, in the case of non-industrialized cultures, forming relationships with younger siblings constitutes an obligation for older siblings (Buist et al., 2014, p.267). This observation suggests that cultural norms and values advocate strong cooperation and closeness among siblings in such cultures (Kretschmer, Pike, 2010, p. 411). Culture defines norms, values, and ways of thinking of a given group of people. These aspects may determine the mechanisms for forming social relationships between siblings. Buist et al. (2014) examined sibling relationships in the cross-cultural context by comparing the quality of sibling associations among the Moroccan and Dutch sibling samples (p. 269). After collecting data through questionnaires and analyzing it, the researchers found a significant difference in the quality of sibling relationships amongst Moroccan and Dutch adolescents. The Moroc can siblings reported high levels of quality relationships and lower prevalence levels of behavior problems compared to the Dutch adolescents (Buist et al., 2014, p.269). Nevertheless, problems of anxiety and depression among the siblings in both Moroccan and Dutch samples were similar (Buist et al., 2014, p.272). Different cultures adopt different parenting styles. In the Mexican descent society, Gamble and Yu (2014) observe how democratic parenting supports sibling relationships that are characterized by less egoism and high levels of warmth (p.223). Identity As this paragraph confirms, different identities and socialization processes that form the personality of siblings may impair sibling associations due to disagreements and low cooperation levels. Through differentiation, during puberty and maturity, siblings distinguish themselves from others to create uniqueness in behaviors and socialization processes (Wong et al., 2010, p.674). Cultures such as Indonesia and Costa Rica are identified by their value of the family unit (Yaman, Mesman, Jzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Linting, 2010, p. 619). Hence, children and teenagers show more security, intimacy, companionship, and satisfaction when they are with their siblings than when they are with their friends. Youths in countries such as the USA find happiness and acceptance from their friends (Yaman et al., 2010). Time for most of the USA children is spent in shared activities with friends. Family-oriented societies, also known as collectivistic cultures, enhance more sibling interdependence where the situation of children looking out for each other defines the daily life (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 621). In South Asian communities, children play important responsibilities in the course of their continued existence. Running of home properties, birthright sharing, and important formal procedures are effectively taken care of by brothers and sisters. In idiosyncratic societies, a high significance is given to pers onal accomplishments. Yaman et al. (2010) conduct a study on collectivist and individualistic cultures (p. 618). According to Yaman et al. (2010), collectivist cultures are identified by their participation in cooperative tasks (p. 621). Besides, much focus is given to what people have in common. Individualistic societies are characterized by participation in competitive duties. Much weight is given to what makes the individuals unique (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 621). Affluence, independence, and variety among siblings are given importance in the individualistic setting. Siblings in the individualistic settings grow to be strong and self-independent (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 620). Eccentricity exists in Western Europe and a large part of the US while the communal society is evident in Asia and some Europe regions among other places. Due to the self-independent nature of the individualistic society, children in such a society mature and discover themselves at an early age. Development pre vails in the individualistic society because siblings value personal achievement and sovereignty (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 621). Personality This section shows how sibling relationships shape the personality of many kids, when it comes to the sharing of skills and ideas with their peers, especially if they have same age bracket where they spend most of their times interacting as a team. Children utilize most of their time with their peers than their parents while growing up. Through this interaction, Cicirelli (1995) confirms how they form their characters and learn effective skills on socializing and taking care of each other (p. 23). Therefore, siblings act as cultural brokers who transfer values and practices across generations. Regardless of the widespread inclination in sibling associations, the society shows differences in family affairs. In industrialized nations such as the United States, siblings are defined mainly by biological relations, which focus on the immediate family as the defining factor of relationship. In other countries, all kids within an equivalent age bracket are considered brothers and sisters, while other cultures deploy a discrete characterization to distinguish brothers and sisters by considering their masculinity or femininity traits and birth arrangements. More respect and responsibility are usually placed on older siblings across all generations. Children influence each other as they grow. A kid’s peers determine his or her character. Parents across cultures are always aware of this fact since most of them end up advising their kids on the groups of peers that they need to interact with or avoid. They have always been judgmental of their children’s company. While growing, children consider things such as birth order, sex, and age to select their mates (Robertson, Shepherd, Goedeke, 2014, p.37). Collective cultures and individualistic cultures differ when it comes to sibling relationships. Collective cultures tend to be more family-oriented (Yaman et al., 2010). They have shown a significant level of sibling relations and involvement. Brothers and sisters in communal backgrounds such as the Latinos utilize approximately half of their valuable moments with their peers and relatives as opposed to the American kids who do not utilize as much duration with their relatives. They tend to find more value in spending time with their friends. Social Development This segment shows how collectivistic societies instill the culture of family cohesion, cooperation, togetherness, and conformity to the set standards. The section shows how this culture cultivates an environment of unity and love where all members are free to seek and get crucial advice from the rest when it comes to accomplishing any task in the family. The idiosyncratic society upholds personal growth and the communication of individual issues. When the American children who grew in an individualistic society are asked to express themselves or narrate a story that they had been told before, most of them are specific. They describe the story from a personal experience than Korean or Chinese kids who grew up in a collective society (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 619). Children in the collective society evaluate stories from a positive aspect and discuss other people more than the American children. The mind of children in individualistic societies is more specific. It focuses on individual situations that they have encountered. On the other hand, the mindset of children in a collective society is more general and less emotional. Their thinking is social relationship-focused. These patterns and differences in mindset and reasoning are seen because western cultures enhance autonomy (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 620). They put significance on personal qualities. Hence, siblings in such cultures are raised to stand out and speak for themselves, whereas eastern cultures improve togetherness and give importance to the group. Siblings here ar e brought up to focus on the society around them. The cultural differences in siblings across culture persist even into their adult life. College students in the individualistic society talk about personal preferences and autonomy in relation to their partners in the collective society. Despite the differences in a relationship due to cultural differences, siblings can integrate more than their culture when exposed to a different environment where they can form a bicultural identity (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 619). Influence on the Quality of Sibling Relations Successful Relationships Parent/Peer-Child Interaction As this section reveals, successful sibling relationships produce positive effects on the growth and development of children from their childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Such effects can be grouped into peer/parent-child, child-environment interaction, and child-power status. Sibling relationships constitute one of the long lasting relationships in an individualâ₠¬â„¢s life (Iturralde, Margolin, Shapiro, 2013, p.717). Such interactions also act as the foundation for the formation of other relationships such as a positive affiliation with peers and parents (Downey et al., 2015, p. 274). For instance, successful sibling associations increase warmth and emotional attachments between children and their parents and peers (Buist Vermande, 2014, p.529). Therefore, success in inducing positive sibling relationships is important for better sibling interaction with other peers in their adolescent and adulthood (Campione-Barr, Smetana, 2010, p. 464). Cultural value theory and ethnic equivalence hypothesis explain how differences in familial relationships influence the quality sibling relationships (Padilla-Walker, Harper, Jensen, 2010, p. 420). Families that have different ethnicity when compared to the main cultures thrive in alternative value systems. This situation has the implication of encountering similar experiences among specific family con texts to produce deviations in the meaning of certain elements that define sibling relationships among minority families. Ethnic equivalence theory holds that familial relations do not have direct impacts on the outcomes of children since they surpass any ethnic boundary to display universality in terms of their influence. This claim implies that no significant differences in sibling relationships are anticipated in cross-cultural contexts. The assemblage of families, their structure, and traits of each child influence value sibling relationships. Assemblage implies the number of brothers and sisters, birth progression, kids and grownups’ gender and years, the level of interaction (taken up or brother/sister), and kids’ intervals. Despite the fact that different types of family relationships play a key part in influencing sibling relationships, the quality of parent-children relationship greatly influences sibling relationships. Differences that are peculiar to each ch ild are important in influencing their interaction (Shalash, Wood, Parker, 2013, p.288). For example, young children have temperament as an important factor that determines their relationships while older children have cognitive, personality, and social skills, which are important determinants of sibling relationships (Murray et al., 2014, p.1363). Factors that influence the quality of sibling rapport are related to one another. For example, Dixon et al. (2008) observed the relationships between personality and birth order in large families (families with 6 or more siblings) using a sample size of 361 siblings (p. 119). The researchers focused on Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and extraversion personality traits (Dixon et al., 2008, p.119). Using hierarchical model, the researchers also scrutinized the impacts of age, size of families, and gender on the siblings’ personality. They identified an age effect on the extraversion personality while the size of families and gender did not produce any significant impacts on any of the investigated personality aspects (Dixon et al., 2008, p.119). This observation suggests that age has an effect on the quality of sibling relationships. As the age increases, it influences the personality of individual siblings. Oh, Volling, and Gonzalez (2015) indicate that the quality of sibling relationships changes with time, as it is emotionally less intense among middle-aged siblings and those in the adolescent stage (p.120). Although the family environment during the siblings’ childhood may have produced high-quality relationships, they (siblings) experience lower quality relationships at adulthood due to the competing pressures of their work and individual families. Child-Environment Interaction The environment in which siblings are brought up influences the quality of their relationships. The environment can be shared or not (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Mutual surroundings such as growing up in the same home produce mo re similarities in terms of character definition while the non-shared atmosphere is associated with character variations that may be observed among brothers and sisters. Siblings may also fail to share the same environment due to their birth order. Thus, they undergo different experiences, which influence their personalities differently (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Although the birth sequence may affect the quality of interaction in terms of their people’s distinctiveness, there lacks scholarly evidence and agreement on how it exactly influences the personality of individuals. However, the power difference that is associated with the birth order has effects on the quality of sibling relationships. Child-Power Status Firstborns are co-caregivers in many nonwestern societies. Thus, they function as surrogates parents. This situation makes them enjoy high power over other siblings in a family. The power status increases with an increasing age gap between siblings. It also varies depending on gender. For example, older girls are known in some cultures as better caregivers and teachers to their younger siblings relative to older boys. Dixon et al. (2008) assert that birth order has effects on the quality of sibling relationships (p.120). Firstborns feel more threatened by a second born since they have to share their power and parents’ attention and affection with the second and subsequent births. Second and subsequent births may not feel this threat since they find power already vested in the firstborn sibling. In a cross-sectional study, Whiteman, McHale, and Crouter (2007) examined the influence of older siblings on younger siblings (p. 970). They assessed aspects such as peer competence, interests in sports and arts, and engagement in risky behaviors. The researchers found a positive correlation between the reported temporary involvement together with intimacy and positive influence for younger siblings (Whiteman et al., 2007, p.963). Indeed, sibli ngs reported similarities in terms of engagement, interest in the examined domains and high competence when older ones had the power of influence to the younger ones (Whiteman et al., 2007, p.970). In nonwestern cultures, sibling relationships are characterized by high cooperation. To verify this claim, Song and Volling (2015) examined the relationship between co-parenting, temperament among firstborns, and cooperative behaviors upon request by their mothers to help in changing their one-month-old infant diapers (p. 130). Questionnaires were given to gather primary data concerning the assessment of parents’ temperament and cooperative behaviors of their children. Song and Volling (2015) confirm the study results that suggest that irrespective of mothers’ demographic characteristics, co-parenting influences the quality of sibling relationships whereby soothability acts as an important determinant of cooperation among siblings (p. 130). Unsuccessful Relationships Many fa ctors cause unsuccessful relationships among siblings. They include sibling birth and aggressive behavior/victimization. This segment considers poor reception of a subsequent birth by other siblings an important determinant of failing sibling relationships. Volling et al. (2014) assert that mothers report high opposition behaviors among firstborns against their siblings in three weeks after birth (p.634). This situation causes noncompliance and naughty conducts among firstborns. For mothers, such manners cause a considerable amount of stress. Firstborns who eagerly wait for their siblings’ birth respond in an affectionate manner as a call for caring of the infant sibling few days after birth (Volling et al., 2014, p.634). This claim suggests that where firstborns receive their second born and subsequent siblings as threats to their power structures with their parents, they (subsequent siblings) are likely to receive them negatively. This case leads to poor quality sibling rel ationships at an early age where the family environment does not shape the initial negative perceptions accordingly. Indeed, among adult siblings, the quality of their relationships depends on their childhood familial environment (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Through LPA (latent profile analysis), Volling et al. (2014) researched the reactions of children to their fathers or mothers’ interactions with newborn sibling infants (p. 634). The examined parents reported a high prevalence of behavioral problems among children after one to four months of sibling birth. A new birth creates an emotion of jealousy in an older sibling (Volling et al., 2014, p. 634). This case creates a rivalry behavior. Nevertheless, having a sibling has positive effects on educational skill attainment. Downey, Condron, and Yucel (2015) found that children who did not have siblings lagged behind in the attainment of social skills from kindergarten to the fifth grade compared to those who had either brothe rs or sisters (p. 273). This observation suggests that siblings influence one other positively through social skill development where each relative is free to share his or her social skills such as playing particular games and group singing among other social activities. In fact, as Downey et al. (2015) confirm with reference to social skill development, the quality of sibling affiliation, which increases social skill attainment, depends on sibling interactions in a family context (p. 273). The quality of such interactions then influences the capacity of siblings to form positive relationships with their peers in other social settings such as schools. Tanrikulu and Campell (2014) investigated the engagement of siblings in bullying behavior (p. 1). Drawing from 455 participants from grade 5-12, the findings indicated a high percentage of traditional bullying behavior for siblings relative to bullying by peers. Despite the low number of intimidators in cyber and other localities, brot hers and sisters mentioned unfair treatment and sophisticated deeds in the process of carrying out harassment. Maltreatment is a negative behavior. It affects people’s creativity levels, reduces morale, may cause accidents, influences negatively moral and ethical judgment capacity, and/or hinders people from realizing their full potential in their areas of talent (Feinberg et al., 2013, p. 97). Thus, its possession among siblings indicates unsuccessful sibling relations. Aggression and victimization are associated with unsuccessful sibling relations. For example, Tucker, Finkelhor, Turner, and Shattuck (2014) present a growing body of research that indicates how victimization among siblings has direct relationships with poor mental health (p.625). The researchers hypothesize that conflicts between parents and violence in families influence experiences of children in victimization. Upon conducting a multinomial regression analysis, the results indicate that sibling victimizati on relates to negative family experiences. This observation implies that parent–children relationships are important not only for a successful development of sibling relations, but also for mitigation of sibling engagement in family conflicts (Recchia Howe, 2008, p. 1564). However, although negative conflicts among siblings may indicate unsuccessful sibling relations, positive conflicts are important as the basis of developing respect and trust among siblings. Conclusion This study has established issues that parents should focus on in their parenting roles to ensure that siblings develop and maintain positive relationships from childhood to adolescence and even in adulthood. The study emphasizes that parents should note that although issues that influence the quality of sibling relationships such as their separation when they attend colleges or relocation in search of jobs are inevitable, they have the capacity to create and control the environment for developing and sustai ning their positive relationship. They need to mitigate factors that lead to poor quality sibling relationships. Research on various normative issues that influence sibling relations at adulthood identifies childhood environment as an important issue that determines the quality of the relationship. Siblings who grow up in families that have cohesive ties exhibit closer relationships. Psychological factors such as emotional attention between siblings and warmth affect the element of closeness among siblings. Proactive aggression and negative conflicts have the effect of lowering the quality of sibling relationships. Thus, to create closeness among siblings, parents need to provide an enabling environment for facilitating their close interactions by eliminating risk factors that allow the growth of conflicts, which may lead to the emergence of aggressive behaviors among siblings. Reference List Bascoe, M., Davies, T., Cummings, M. (2012). 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Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Assignment 3 - Essay Example The main statutes that make up the antitrust law are the Sherman Act 1890, the Federal State Commission Act of 1914 and the Clayton Act of 1914. These laws are meant to prohibit and restrict the formation of cartels and other activities aimed at restraining trade. They also constrain acquisitions and mergers which would reduce competition. These laws restrict the creation of monopolies that intend to abuse the monopoly power. Antitrust laws are put in place to protect the consumers from greedy business practices by making sure that there is fair competition in the market. The core function of the antitrust provisions is to safeguard the welfare of the consumers. Both the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice as well as the Federal Trade Commission can bring actions to enforce antitrust laws. State governments can also bring actions to enforce antitrust laws. It is also noteworthy that private civil suits can also be brought to enforce these laws. Public enforcement is, howe ver, more effective as the costs, complexity and overwhelming tasks provide a challenge to private parties considering that enforcement is often against large corporations (Weiser 2005). How the antitrust laws have ensured fair, balanced, and competitive business practices. ... Among the most notable cases brought under the antitrust law is the disintegration of the AT&T telephone service monopoly in 1982. The company was broken up into one distant company and seven regional companies. The argument for the disintegration was that competition should replace a monopoly for the benefit of both the economy and consumers (Connor, 2006, p. 198). In United States v. Eastman Kodak Company (1921) the court used antitrust law to check the absorption, acquisition and elimination of other enterprises involved in the photographic trade. The court prohibited the procurement of monopolistic raw materials and eliminated the obligation on dealers not to deal with products of competitors. Antitrust law was also significant in preventing a movement to change the motion picture industry into a giant cooperation. In United States v. Fox Theatres Corporation, et al (1948) the court disabled a merger of two main players in the industry. United States v. National Retail Credit Ass ociation (1933) also used antitrust law to prevent the elimination of almost three hundred and fifty independent retail credit businesses. A strategy to monopolize the retail credit business in the country had been developed and enforced by the credit association. Members were allocated regions where each was to serve as a monopoly. The other small retail credit businesses were to be removed from the business by policies intended at eliminating their source of credit information. United States v. Kansas City Ice Company also used antitrust law to prevent the destruction of small businesses in the ice trade. The Kansas City Ice Company had acquired control of almost 90% of ice supply through contracts to purchase the whole production of ice

Isb dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Isb dis - Essay Example I think both coal plants and nuclear power plants are equally dangerous. The contaminants leaked from either can pollute the air and water bodies and even underground water sources for miles around. I would however feel that the coal plant would be the more dangerous choice. Coal plants regularly disgorge carbon dioxide and toxins like nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide. Coal fly ash that pours into slurry pits contains toxic heavy metals. Coal pollution exposes people to low doses of radiation. Statistics show that these emissions kill 24,000 Americans every year. The cumulative effects of these on humans promise to be catastrophic. In normal circumstances Nuclear power plants produce cleaner energy. Since there is no burning, there are no emissions either which makes it the safer choice. Of course if there should be an accident like Fukushima or Chernobyl or a terrorist attack, the results could be unimaginable. The choice of living near either a coal plant or nuclear power plant is like choosing between the devil and the deep sea. I think living near a nuclear plant would pose a lesser risk, although I would prefer not to live near

Response to Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Response to Intervention - Essay Example The major advantage of using Response to Intervention Method is that students with learning disabilities and whose performance is below that of their peers is seen sooner rather than later and afforded the necessary interventions that they may need, this allow them more time to try and become successful students rather than their just waiting to fail. This results in a series of intensive group or individual, based programs interventions.The programs help some students in obtaining the necessary support that they need early. The rapid response afforded by Response to Intervention is proving to be cheaper, as opposed to waiting for a case study analysis to be completed that is seen, when other methods of assessment are used.Another key benefit of using the Response to Intervention process is that the long duration a student normally waits before they can begin receiving additional instructional assistance or special education services in school is greatly reduced. This helps in averti ng the usual scenario whereby most students continue on failing to make any significant improvement in their studies for long stretches of time, which may sometimes run for several years before someone notices that they may have learning disabilities, and require the help of special education, as is seen in the use of the test-score discrepancy model. Response to Intervention also has the added benefit of helping in identifying students having learning disabilities, are seen to be at risk of failing.... This helps in averting the usual scenario whereby most students continue on failing to make any significant improvement in their studies for long stretches of time, which may sometimes run for several years before someone notices that they may have learning disabilities, and require the help of special education, as is seen in the use of the test-score discrepancy model. (Mary & Ayn, 2011) Response to Intervention also has the added benefit of helping in identifying students having learning disabilities, are seen to be at risk of failing. With the early detection, appropriate adjustments can be made to their systems of teaching and progress monitoring assessment that will help the students be successful and achieve success at higher levels and thus serving to avoid potential individual failure. (Rachel & Mark, 2010) The intense one on one and group supplementary assistance, afforded by Response to Intervention has had a rather profound effect in reducing the overall number of student s, who end up getting referred for special education services. As a result of this effect, the resources available in special education services are now channeled towards helping more disadvantaged students with severe learning disabilities. Response to Intervention has also been attributed with the increase in the number of students that end up becoming successful while still in the normal education system. This is as a result, of their problem areas not being identified and rectified in advance, some of these students get locked out of the regular education system. Because it is structured to compare the performance between students, the response is intervention model can differentiate between students posting inconsistent / poor results and those who have a learning

The Corporate Social Responsibility of Motorola

The Corporate Social Responsibility of Motorola Corporate Social Responsibility also referred to as CSR can be defined as the notion that corporations have an obligation to society to take into account not just their economic impact but also their social and environmental impact. Motorola defines corporate social responsibility as a means of harnessing the power of our global business to benefit people.It means doing the right thing in all aspects of our business, including how we treat the environment, our employees, our customers,our partners and our communities. ROLE OF CORPORATE SOCAIL RESPONSIBILITY In recent years Corporate Social Responsibility is being linked to Business Ethics. Ethics? There are rules that indicate the difference between right and wrong. Ethics encourages the business to do what is right there by conforming the organization to ethical behaviour. CSR has brought about Code Of Ethics , a document that organisations write to set out standards of behaviour that is expected by a set of stakeholders. Some code of ethics include principles such as honesty, integrity, loyalty, fairness, trustworthiness, law abiding, leadership, accountability, values, morales and respect and concern for others. These incorporate characteristics and behaviour of principles that are expected by organizations. Many companies previously viewed Corporate Socail Responsibility in terms of a form of administrative compliance with standards that are legal and in keeping with rules and regulation internal to the company. It must be noted that this have since changed and for businesses to survive in todays global world companies must pay attention to earning trust, confidence and respect of their customers. In todays global world businesses are being demanded to practice ethical behaviour. It can then be said that CSR is interested with ways an organisation exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulations and corporate governance. It takes into consideration as to how demands of different stakeholders can be reconciled. CSR should improve corporate operations as it relates to human rights, environmental protection, sponsorship to local communities and diversity among others in the work place. HISTORY OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY It has been argued that social responsibility movement came about during the 1960s or 1970s, the public consciousness was increased about the role of business, helping to grow and maintain highly ethical practices in society and particularly in the natural environment. GROWTH OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY In most recent years CSR have become very popular globally and the contributing factors include public awareness and technology. The public have now become aware through technological mechanisium such as the internet, sattalite viewing, mobile phones and the ability to communicate through the use of programmes such as skype and video conferencing. The ability to get information on a real time bases has allowed the public to be informed of global issues. Issues such as bribery and corruption in other countries and how this have impacted on their citizens. The public is also able to get information about businesses around the world and in most cases the business that make headlines are the ones that is not seeking the welfare of the natural environment and human resources alike. Business that may have had incidences of harm to natural environment or to human resources have caused some NGOs to be born. The strikes and pickets and bad publicity the the business may receive would have serious long term consequences on the exsistance and survival of the business. BRIBERY AND CORUPTION Sue Hawley (2000) stated that some businesses pay massive amounts of money to gain contracts or concessions they would not have otherwise won. She estimated that about US$80billion a year is paid and that this amount is about the amount that is needed by the UN. The UN believes that this amount would be needed to eradicate world poverty. These bribes and the cost attached to it falls mainly on the poor,whether it is through the diversion of aid money into corrupt officials pockets or through hiking up prices when the cost of bribes is passed on in raised prices to consumers. Bribery and corruption undermine the proper workings of a market economy which can seriously reduce GDP in the poorest countries. It reflects false price and cost considerations so that sources of wealth or resources are not used efficiently. Decisions are being made based on who pays the biggest bribes rather than quality, price, innovation and service. Causing prices to rise for everyone the impact is felt by the poor. It can be noted that resources are frequently diverted away from smaller projects that assist in development of a country but rather placed in big projects that are said to be high profile, where there is more scope for improper payments and practices. This impacts on the poor who are denied basic vital public services. Being involved in corruption is ethically wrong, here power is misused or abused undermining the intergrity of all concerned. Corruptions however undermines the democratic process as well the rule of law. Government must earn its licience to operate just as any other business that operates. Government officials and politicians all lose their legitimacy in a climate of corruption.Againwith the poor being affected the most. Environmental issues are likely to suffer in an regime that corruption is predominant, environmental legislations usually is lacking as corrupt officials is paid for turning a blind eye. Business are also at risk when there is bribery and corruption in a country. There are legal implications and risk, this type of behaviour id illegal where ever it occurs but even if it were not, because of international pressure example the UN convention against corruption it is becoming increasingly illegal to engage in these type of practices in many countries. Accusations of corruption whether proven or not can cause reputations to be lost or tarnished and the risk of a falling business is very possible. Example Nike where accused of using children to work in sweat shops to produce high end products that were very costly to cunsumers. Nike have since spent millions of dollars to rebuild its reputation as losses started to be realised. As a business that may be cheating, it may encourage other businesses to cheat to have a competitive advantage or simply to survive. This makes doing business much more difficult. There is added substantability to the cost of doing business. There can be loss of trust by all stakeholders involved employess, suppliers and customers. Transparency International every year produces the Corruption Perception Index. This Index ranks one hundred and seventy eight countries according to the level of corruption perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. A score indicating zero means that the country is highly corrupt and a score of ten indicates highly clean. The following diagram is the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. RANK COUNTRY/ TERRITORY SCORE RANK COUNTRY/ TERRITORY SCORE RANK COUNTRY/ TERRITORY SCORE 1 Denmark 9.3 30 Spain 6.1 59 Tunisia 4.3 1 New Zealand 9.3 32 Portugal 6.0 62 Croatia 4.1 1 Singapore 9.3 33 Botswana 5.8 62 FYR Macedonia 4.1 4 Finland 9.2 33 Puerto Rico 5.8 62 Ghana 4.1 4 Sweden 9.2 33 Taiwan 5.8 62 Samoa 4.1 6 Canada 8.9 36 Bhutan 5.7 66 Rwanda 4.0 7 Netherlands 8.8 37 Malta 5.6 67 Italy 3.9 8 Australia 8.7 38 Brunel 5.5 68 Georgia 3.8 8 Switzerland 8.7 39 Korea (South) 5.4 69 Brazil 3.7 10 Norway 8.6 39 Mauritius 5.4 69 Cuba 3.7 11 Iceland 8.5 41 Costa Rica 5.3 69 Montenegro 3.7 11 Luxembourg 8.5 41 Oman 5.3 69 Romania 3.7 13 Hong Kong 8.4 41 Poland 5.3 73 Bulgaria 3.6 14 Ireland 8.0 44 Dominica 5.2 73 El Salvador 3.6 15 Austria 7.9 45 Cape Verde 5.1 73 Panama 3.6 15 Germany 7.9 46 Lithuania 5.0 73 Trinidad and Tobago 3.6 17 Barbados 7.8 46 Macau 5.0 73 Vanuatu 3.6 17 Japan 7.8 48 Bahrain 4.9 78 China 3.5 19 Qatar 7.7 49 Seychelles 4.8 78 Colombia 3.5 20 United Kingdom 7.6 50 Hungary 4.7 78 Greece 3.5 21 Chile 7.2 50 Jordan 4.7 78 Lesotho 3.5 22 Belgium 7.1 50 Saudi Arabia 4.7 78 Peru 3.5 22 United States 7.1 53 Czech Republic 4.6 78 Serbia 3.5 24 Uruguay 6.9 54 Kuwait 4.5 78 Thailand 3.5 25 France 6.8 54 South Africa 4.5 85 Malawi 3.4 26 Estonia 6.5 56 Malaysia 4.4 85 Morocco 3.4 27 Slovenia 6.4 56 Namibia 4.4 87 Albania 3.3 28 Cyprus 6.3 56 Turkey 4.4 87 India 3.3 28 United Arab Emirates 6.3 59 Latvia 4.3 87 Jamaica 3.3 30 Israel 6.1 59 Slovakia 4.3 87 Liberia 3.3 RANK COUNTRY/ TERRITORY SCORE RANK COUNTRY/ TERRITORY SCORE RANK COUNTRY/ TERRITORY SCORE 91 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.2 116 Tanzania 2.7 146 Nepal 2.2 91 Djibouti 3.2 116 Vietnam 2.7 146 Paraguay 2.2 91 Gambia 3.2 123 Armenia 2.6 146 Yemen 2.2 91 Guatemala 3.2 123 Eritrea 2.6 154 Cambodia 2.1 91 Kiribati 3.2 123 Madagascar 2.6 154 Central African Republic 2.1 91 Sri Lanka 3.2 123 Niger 2.6 154 Comoros 2.1 91 Swaziland 3.2 127 Belarus 2.5 154 Congo-Brazzaville 2.1 98 Burkina Faso 3.1 127 Ecuador 2.5 154 Guinea-Bissau 2.1 98 Egypt 3.1 127 Lebanon 2.5 154 Kenya 2.1 98 Mexico 3.1 127 Nicaragua 2.5 154 Laos 2.1 101 Dominican Republic 3.0 127 Syria 2.5 154 Papua New Guinea 2.1 101 Sao Tome Principle 3.0 127 Timor-Leste 2.5 154 Russia 2.1 101 Tonga 3.0 127 Uganda 2.5 154 Tajikistan 2.1 101 Zambia 3.0 134 Azerbaijan 2.4 164 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.0 105 Algeria 2.9 134 Bangladesh 2.4 164 Guinea 2.0 105 Argentina 2.9 134 Honduras 2.4 164 Kyrgyzstan 2.0 105 Kazakhstan 2.9 134 Nigeria 2.4 164 Venezuela 2.0 105 Moldova 2.9 134 Philippines 2.4 168 Angola 1.9 105 Senegal 2.9 134 Sierra Leone 2.4 168 Equatorial Guinea 1.9 110 Benin 2.8 134 Togo 2.4 170 Burundi 1.8 110 Bolivia 2.8 134 Ukraine 2.4 171 Chad 1.7 110 Gabon 2.8 134 Zimbabwe 2.4 172 Sudan 1.6 110 Indonesia 2.8 143 Maldives 2.3 172 Turkmenistan 1.6 110 Kosovo 2.8 143 Mauritania 2.3 172 Uzbekistan 1.6 110 Solomon Islands 2.8 143 Pakistan 2.3 175 Iraq 1.5 116 Ethiopia 2.7 146 Cameroon 2.2 176 Afghanistan 1.4 116 Guyana 2.7 146 Cote dlvoire 2.2 176 Myanmar 1.4 116 Mali 2.7 146 Haiti 2.2 178 Somalia 1.1 116 Mongolia 2.7 146 Iran 2.2 116 Mozambique 2.7 146 Libya 2.2 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. (Nearly three quarter of the 178 countries in the index score below five, on a scale from ten to zero. These results indicate a serious corruption problem in the world.) THE HISTORY OF ALCOA Aluminium was considered to be a semi-precious metal, this metal was so scarce that silver was much more popular during the middle of the1880s. Charles Martin Hall was a chemistry student at Oberlin College in Ohio, here he meet Professor Frank Jewett whom introduced his students to a small piece of aluminium and informed them that anyone producing this metal in an economical way would become rich. Halls passion for experimenting with minerals continued after his graduation, and he learnt how to produce alumina, aluminium oxide and created his own carbon crucible. On a February day in 1886 he discovered pure aluminium, for Hall to continue to produce this on a large scale he needed financial assistance. He gained assistance through a group of six industrialist led by Alfred Hunt. A company called Pittsburgh Reduction company was formed as part of the venture, and a small plant was built. In 1888 on Thanksgiving day Hall and Arthur Vining Davis, Halls first employee produced the first commercial aluminium using Halls technology. The company had out grown its name as it grew to include bauxite mines, a refinery and three aluminium smelters. The companies names was then changed by its owners to what they felt were more appropriate; Aluminum Company of America. As the company grew and became more global its name changed again and is currently called Alcoa Inc. Alcoa see itself as the worlds leading producer and manager of primary aluminium, alumina facilities and fabricated aluminium. Some of the industries that Alcoa Servers include aerospace,automotive, building, construction, packaging, commercial transportation,engineering and Alcoa also promotes brands such as Reynolds Wrap (foil and plastic). Alcoa presently have approximately 123,000 employees in 44 countries in the world. Alcoa has been named by the World Economic Forum in Davos Switzerland as one of the top sustainable corporations in the world.

The Tragedy Of Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark :: essays research papers

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark I. a) Time: Sixteenth Century b) Place: Denmark c) Preliminary situation: King Hamlet, King of Denmark is killed. Hamlet the Prince's uncle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Claudius, receives the throne and marries Queen Gertrude. II. a) Initial Incident: A ghost appears to Marcellus and another guard who decide to inform Hamlet of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  it's presence. b) Rising Action:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2 Claudius, the new King, is holding court and thanks his subjects for their support. He then sends an ambassador to Norway to protect from an invasion from Fortinbras, Hamlets second cousin. He gives Laertes permission to return to France but will not allow Hamlet to go to Wittenburg. Hamlet feels alone and is upset that his mother married so shortly after her husband's death. The guards arrive and tell Hamlet about the ghost and Hamlet agrees to join them that night in search of the ghost, his father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.3 At Polonius's room, Laertes says good-bye to his sister Ophelia and tells her not to trust Hamlet. Polonius arrives and says good-bye Laertes and offers him advice. He then talks to Ophelia about not seeing Hamlet and then orders her stay away from him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.4 Claudius is drinking the night and Hamlet, Horatio, and Marcellus see the ghost again. The ghost signals to Hamlet to come, but the others try and hold him back. Hamlet struggles free and moves towards the apparition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5 The ghost tells Hamlet that he is the spirit of his father and that he was not poisoned, but murdered. He demands that Hamlet avenge his death by murdering the killer, King Claudius. Hamlet promises to get revenge and orders the other to swear they haven't seen anything with the help of the ghost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.1 Polonius sends his servant, Reynaldo, to Paris to spy and ask about Laertes. Ophelia then enters the room and tells her father that Hamlet was visiting and was completely mad. Polonius believes that Hamlet has gone crazy due to the rejection from Ophelia and rushes off to inform the king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.2 King and Queen send Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, old school buddies, to spy on Hamlet and determine why he has gone crazy. Polonius tells everyone that Hamlet is crazy because of unreturned love. Claudius isn't quite convinced that Hamlet really is crazy but agrees to help Polonius spy on him. Hamlet, when confronted by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, pretends to be mad so no one will find out about the ghost and what Hamlet knows. Then, a group of touring actors enters the scene and Hamlet makes one of them recite a speech he likes. When finished, Hamlet realizes that the actor read the speech with more